Maja Matarić Pioneered Socially Assistive Robotics

The robots might have conversations, play video games, and reply to feelings.

Right this moment the IEEE Fellow is a professor at USC. She research how robots may also help college students with anxiousness and despair bear cognitive behavioral remedy. CBT focuses on altering an individual’s adverse thought patterns, behaviors, and emotional responses.

For her work, she acquired a 2025 Robotics Medal from MassRobotics, which acknowledges feminine researchers advancing robotics. The Boston-based nonprofit supplies robotics startups with a workspace, prototyping services, mentorship, and networking alternatives.

When receiving the award on the ceremony in Boston, Matarić was overcome with pleasure, she says.

“I’ve been very lucky to be honored with a number of awards, which I’m grateful for. However there was one thing very particular about getting the MassRobotics medal, as a result of I knew a minimum of half the folks within the room,” she says. “Everybody was simply smiling, and there was a fantastic sense of affection.”

Seeing herself as an engineer

Matarić grew up in Belgrade, Serbia. Her father was an engineer, and her mom was a author. After her father died when she was 16, Matarić and her mom moved to the United States.

She credit her father for igniting her curiosity in engineering, and her uncle who labored as an aerospace engineer for introducing her to pc science.

Matarić says she didn’t contemplate herself an engineer till she joined USC’s school, since she all the time had labored in pc science.

“Looking back, I’ve all the time been an engineer,” Matarić says. “However I didn’t set out particularly pondering of myself as one—which is simply one of many many issues I prefer to convey to younger folks: You don’t all the time must know precisely every little thing prematurely.”

Maja Matarić and her lab are exploring how socially assistive robots may also help enhance the communication expertise of youngsters with autism spectrum disorder. National Science Foundation Information

Whereas pursuing her bachelor’s diploma in pc science on the University of Kansas in Lawrence, she was launched to industrial robotics by means of a textbook. After incomes her diploma in 1987, she had a chance to proceed her training as a graduate pupil at MIT’s AI Lab (now the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab). Throughout her first yr, she explored the completely different analysis initiatives being carried out by school members, she stated in a 2010 oral history carried out by the IEEE History Center. She met IEEE Life Fellow Rodney Brooks, who was engaged on novel reactive and behavior-based robotic techniques. His work so excited her that she joined his lab and carried out her grasp’s thesis underneath his tutelage.

Impressed by the best way animals use landmarks to navigate, Matarić developed Toto, the primary navigating behavior-based robotic. Toto used distributed fashions to map the AI Lab constructing the place Matarić labored and plan its path to completely different rooms. Toto used sonar to detect partitions, doorways, and furnishings, in keeping with Matarić’s paper, “The Robotics Primer.”

After incomes her grasp’s diploma in AI and robotics in 1990, she continued to work underneath Brooks as a doctoral pupil, pioneering distributed algorithms that allowed a crew of as much as 20 robots to execute complicated duties in tandem, together with looking for objects and exploring their setting.

Matarić earned her Ph.D. in AI and robotics in 1994 and joined Brandeis University, in Waltham, Mass., as an assistant professor of pc science. There she based the Interplay Lab, the place she developed autonomous robots that work collectively to perform duties.

Three years later, she relocated to California and joined USC’s Viterbi School of Engineering as an assistant professor in pc science and neuroscience.

In 2002 she helped to discovered the Middle for Robotics and Embedded Systems (now the Robotics and Autonomous Systems Center). The RASC focuses on analysis into human-centric and scalable robotic techniques and promotes interdisciplinary partnerships throughout USC.

Matarić’s shift in her analysis got here after she gave beginning to her first youngster in 1998. When her daughter was a bit older and requested Matarić why she labored with robots, she wished to have the ability to “say one thing higher than ‘I publish lots of analysis papers,’ or ‘it’s well-recognized,’” she says.

“In academia, you may be in a management position and nonetheless do analysis. It’s a beautiful and vital alternative that lets teachers be on high of our area and in addition practice the following era of scholars and assist the following era of school colleagues.”

“Youngsters don’t contemplate these good solutions, and so they’re most likely proper,” she says. “This made me understand I used to be able to do one thing completely different. And I actually wished the reply to my daughter’s future query to be, ‘Mommy’s robots assist folks.’”

Matarić and her doctoral pupil David Feil-Seifer introduced a paper defining socially assistive robotics on the 2005 International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics. It was the one paper that talked about serving to folks full duties and study expertise by talking with them fairly than by performing bodily jobs, she says.

Feil-Seifer is now a professor of pc science and engineering on the University of Nevada in Reno.

On the similar time, she based the Interaction Lab at USC and made its focus creating robots that present social, fairly than bodily, help.

“At this level in my profession journey, I’ve matured to a spot the place I don’t wish to just do curiosity-driven analysis alone,” she says. “Loads of what my crew and I do immediately continues to be pushed by curiosity, however it’s answering the query: ‘How can we assist somebody reside a greater life?’”

In 2006 she was promoted to full professor and made the senior affiliate dean for analysis in USC’s Viterbi Faculty of Engineering. In 2012 she grew to become vice dean for analysis.

“In academia, you may be in a management position and nonetheless do analysis,” she says. “It’s a beautiful and vital alternative that lets teachers be on high of our area and in addition practice the following era of scholars and assist the following era of school colleagues.”

Analysis in socially assistive robotics

One of many longest analysis initiatives Matarić has led at her Interplay Lab is exploring how socially assistive robots may also help enhance the communication expertise of youngsters with autism spectrum disorder. ASD is a lifelong neurological situation that impacts the best way folks work together with others, and the best way they study. Kids with ASD typically wrestle with social behaviors corresponding to studying nonverbal cues, taking part in with others, and making eye contact.

Matarić and her crew developed a robotic, Bandit, that may play video games with a toddler and provides the teen phrases of affirmation. Bandit is 56 centimeters tall and has a humanlike head, torso, and arms. Its head can pan and tilt. The robotic makes use of two FireWire cameras as its eyes, and it has a movable mouth and eyebrows, permitting it to exhibit a wide range of facial expressions, in keeping with the IEEE Spectrum’s robots guide. Its torso is connected to a wheeled base.

The research confirmed that when interacting with Bandit, kids with ASD exhibited social behaviors that have been out of the odd for them, corresponding to initiating play and imitating the robotic.

Matarić and her crew additionally studied how the robotic might function a social and cognitive help for elderly folks and stroke sufferers. Bandit was programmed to instruct and inspire customers to carry out day by day motion workout routines corresponding to seated aerobics.

Maja Matarić and doctoral pupil Amy O’Connell testing Blossom, which is getting used to review the way it can help college students with anxiousness or despair.College of Southern California

Through the years, Matarić’s lab developed different robots together with Kiwi and Blossom. Kiwi, which regarded like an owl, helped kids with ASD study social and cognitive expertise, helped inspire aged folks residing alone to be extra bodily lively, and mediated discussions amongst relations. Blossom, initially developed at Cornell, was tailored by the Interplay Lab to make it cheaper and personalizable for people. The robotic is getting used to review the way it can help college students with anxiousness or despair to follow cognitive behavioral remedy.

Matarić’s line of analysis started when she discovered that giant language mannequin (LLM) chatbots have been being promoted to assist folks with mental health struggles, she stated in an episode of the AMA Medical News podcast.

“It’s usually not simple to get [an appointment with a] therapist, or there may not be insurance coverage protection,” she stated. “These, mixed with the charges of hysteria and despair, created an actual want.”

That made the chatbot concept interesting, she says, however she was to see in the event that they have been efficient in contrast with a pleasant robotic corresponding to Blossom.

Matarić and her crew used the identical LLMs to energy CBT follow with a chatbot and with Blossom. They ran a two-week research within the USC dorms, the place college students have been randomly assigned to finish CBT workout routines day by day with both a chatbot or the robotic. Individuals crammed out a scientific evaluation to measure their psychiatric misery earlier than and after every session.

The research confirmed that college students who interacted with the robotic skilled a big lower of their psychological state, Matarić stated within the podcast, and college students who interacted with the chatbot didn’t.

“Becoming a member of an [IEEE] society has an affect, and it may be private. That’s why I like to recommend my college students be part of the group—as a result of it’s vital to get on the market and get related.”

She and her crew additionally reviewed transcripts of conversations between the scholars and the robotic to guage how properly the LLM responded to the contributors. They discovered the robotic was more practical than the chatbot, though each have been utilizing the identical mannequin.

Primarily based on these findings, in 2024 Matarić acquired a grant from the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health to conduct a six-week scientific trial to discover how efficient a socially assistive robotic may very well be at delivering CBT follow. The trial, at the moment underway, additionally is anticipated to review how Blossom may be customized to adapt to every person’s preferences and progress, together with the best way the robotic strikes, which workout routines it recommends, and what suggestions it offers.

Through the trial, the 120 college students taking part are sporting Fitbits to review their physiologic responses. The contributors fill out a scientific evaluation to measure their psychiatric misery earlier than and after every session.

Information together with the contributors’ emotions of referring to the robotic, intrinsic motivation, engagement, and adherence might be assessed by the analysis crew, Matarić says.

She says she’s happy with the graduate college students engaged on this venture, and seeing them develop as engineers is likely one of the most rewarding elements of working in academia.

“Engineers usually don’t anticipate having to work with human research contributors and needing to grasp psychology along with the hardcore engineering,” she says. “So the scholars who select to do that analysis are simply great, caring folks.”

Discovering a neighborhood at IEEE

Matarić joined IEEE as a graduate pupil in 1992, the yr she printed her first paper in IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation. The paper, “Integration of Representation Into Goal-Driven Behavior-Based Robots,” described her work on Toto.

As a member of the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society, she says she has gained a neighborhood of like-minded folks. She enjoys attending conferences together with the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, and the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, which is closest to her area of analysis.

Matarić credit IEEE Life Fellow George Bekey, the founding editor in chief of the IEEE Transactions on Robotics, for recruiting her for the USC engineering school place. He knew of her work by means of her graduate advisor Brooks, who printed a paper within the journal that launched reactive management and the subsumption structure, which grew to become the inspiration of a brand new option to management robots. It’s his most cited paper. Bekey, who was editor in chief on the time, helped information Brooks by means of the difficult assessment course of. Matarić joined Brooks’s lab at MIT two years after its publication, and her work on Toto constructed on that basis.

“Becoming a member of a society has an affect, and it may be private,” she says. “That’s why I like to recommend my college students be part of the group—as a result of it’s vital to get on the market and get related.”