Our Top Programming Languages interactive tries to sort out the issue of estimating a language’s reputation by searching for proxy alerts. We do that by establishing measures of recognition from quite a lot of information sources that we consider are good proxies for lively curiosity for every programming language. In whole, we determine 64 programming languages. We then weight every information supply to create an overall index of popularity, excluding a few of the lowest scorers. Under, we describe the sources of information we use to get the measures, and the weighting scheme we use to supply the general indices.
By reputation, we imply we try to rank languages which might be in lively use, together with exercise from sustaining legacy techniques. We have a look at three completely different features of recognition: languages in lively use amongst typical IEEE members and dealing software engineers (the “Spectrum” rating), languages which might be in demand by employers (the “Jobs” rating), and languages which might be within the zeitgeist (the “Trending” rating).
We gauged the recognition of languages utilizing the next sources for a complete of seven metrics (see beneath). We gathered the knowledge for all metrics in July—August 2025. Up to now we relied closely on APIs to assemble information from sources, however now the info is gathered manually to the issue of maintaining with API modifications and terminations, and as a result of most of the programming language’s names (C++, Scheme) collided with frequent phrases present in analysis papers and job adverts or had been troublesome for a search engine to parse. When numerous search outcomes made it impractical to resolve ambiguities by analyzing the entire outcomes individually, we used a pattern of every information supply, and decided the related pattern measurement primarily based on estimating the true imply with 95 % confidence. Not all information sources include info for every programming language and we interpret this info because the programming language having “no hits” (that’s, not being widespread).
The outcomes from every metric are normalized to supply a relative reputation rating between 0 and 1. Then the person metrics are multiplied by a weight issue, mixed, and the outcome renormalized to supply an combination reputation rating.In aggregating metrics, we hope to compensate for statistical quirks which may distort a language’s reputation rating in any explicit supply of information. Various the burden components permits us to create the completely different outcomes for the Spectrum, Jobs, and Trending rankings. We totally acknowledge that, whereas these weights are subjective, they’re primarily based on our understanding of the sources and our prior protection of software program subjects. Various the burden components permits us to emphasise various kinds of reputation and produce the completely different rankings. We then mixed every weighted information supply for every program after which renormalized the ensuing frequency to supply an combination reputation rating.
The High Programming Languages was initially created by information journalist Nick Diakopoulos. Our statistical methodology advisor is Hilary Wething, though all of the precise information gathering and calculation is carried out by us. Rankings are computed utilizing R.
Google is the main search engine on the planet, making it a super match for estimating language reputation. We measured the variety of hits for every language by looking out on the template, “X programming language” (with citation marks) and manually recorded the variety of outcomes that had been returned by the search. We took the measurement in July 2025. We like this measure as a result of it signifies the quantity of on-line info sources about every programming language.
Stack Overflow
Stack Overflow is a well-liked website the place programmers can ask questions on coding. We recorded the variety of questions tagged to every program inside the final week previous to our search (August 2025). For the Mathematica/Wolfram language, we relied on the sister “Stack” for the Mathematica platform and tallied the variety of programming-related questions requested prior to now week. These information had been gathered manually. This measure signifies what programming languages are at present trending.
IEEE maintains a digital library with hundreds of thousands of convention and journal articles masking a big selection of scientific and engineering disciplines. We looked for journal, journal, and early entry articles that point out every of the languages within the template “X programming” for the 2025 year-to-date. For search outcomes that returned 1000’s of articles, we recognized the proper pattern measurement for a 95 % confidence interval (normally a little bit over 300) and pulled that variety of articles. For every language we sampled, we recognized the share of articles that make the most of the programming language after which multiplied the whole variety of articles by this share to tally the probably whole variety of articles that reference a given programming language. We carried out this search in August 2025. This metric captures the prevalence of the completely different programming languages as used and referenced in engineering scholarship.
IEEE Jobs Site
We measured the demand for different programming languages in job postings on the IEEE Job Site. For search outcomes that returned 1000’s of listings, we recognized the proper pattern measurement for a 95 % confidence interval (normally round 300 outcomes) and pulled that variety of job listings to manually look at. For every language we sampled, we recognized the share of listings that make the most of the programming language after which multiplied the whole variety of job listings by this share to tally the probably whole variety of job listings that reference a given programming language. Moreover, as a result of a few of the languages we monitor might be ambiguous in plain textual content—akin to Go, J, Ada, and R—we looked for job postings with these phrases within the job description after which manually examined the outcomes, once more sampling entries if the variety of outcomes was massive. The search was carried out in August 2025. We just like the IEEE Job Web site for its massive variety of non-U.S. listings, making it a super to measure world reputation.
Profession Builder
We measured the demand for various programming languages on the CareerBuilder job website. We looked for “Developer” jobs provided inside the United States, as that is the most well-liked job title for programmers. We sampled 400 job adverts and manually examined them to determine which languages employers talked about within the postings. The search was carried out in August 2024. We just like the profession builder website to determine the recognition of programmer jobs amongst U.S.-based firms
GitHub is a public repository for a lot of volunteer-driven open-source software program initiatives. We used Github’s listing of it’s high 50 programming languages, filtering out entries for issues like Docker configuration scripts. The info cowl the primary quarter of 2025. This measured offers a powerful indication what languages coders select to work in after they have a private alternative.
Trinity School Dublin Library
The library of Trinity College Dublin is one in all six authorized deposit libraries in Ireland and the United Kingdom. A duplicate have to be deposited with the library of any printed materials printed or distributed in Eire, and on request any U.Okay. writer or distributor should additionally deposit a e book. We looked for all books printed within the 12 months thus far that matched the names of programming languages and checked the outcomes for false positives. The search was carried out in July 2025. We like this library assortment as a result of it represents a big and categorized pattern of works, primarily within the English language.
Discord
Discord is widespread chat-room platform the place many programmers alternate info. We counted the variety of tags that correspond to every language. Within the case of languages that is also names of nonprogramming subjects (many nonprogramming-related subjects even have devoted Discord servers; for instance, “Julia” might consult with the programming language or the Sesame Street puppet), outcomes had been manually examined. Disboard was searched in August 2025. Disboard lists many public discord servers and plenty of younger coders use the location, contributing a distinct demographic of coders.
