Researchers who’re growing electrolyzers for hydrogen manufacturing are more and more turning to a membrane platform initially utilized in fuel cells to scale up their expertise. Their technique: use anion-exchange membranes, which could possibly be less expensive and mix the most effective options of typical proton-exchange membranes and alkaline approaches.
Anion-exchange membrane (AEM) expertise allows the selective transport of negatively charged ions between cathode and anode. In a hydrogen fuel cell, the membrane helps facilitate the chemical reactions wanted to generate electrical energy. In hydrogen electrolysis, the membrane helps cut up water by separating hydrogen from oxygen.
To date, AEM has solely been deployed at a small scale. However a number of renewable hydrogen corporations are poised to vary that. On 7 Might, Ithaca, N.Y.–primarily based Ecolectro announced a partnership with Framingham, Mass.–primarily based Re:Build Manufacturing to deploy superior AEM electrolyzers within the United States. And in March the French tire firm Michelin and several other French analysis establishments launched a multiyear collaboration to develop extra sturdy variations of those membranes as a part of Michelin’s growth into renewable markets.
These corporations, and several other others globally, are betting on AEM expertise to satisfy the long-sought promise of “inexperienced” hydrogen produced with renewable energy. “This has lengthy been thought-about the potential savior to a variety of points with different forms of electrolysis that we’ve been making an attempt to scale,” says Lindsey Motlow, a physicist and analysis director at Darcy Companions, a market intelligence agency in Houston.
Scaling up green hydrogen comes with challenges which have rendered it much less aggressive than different hydrogen production strategies. The sphere depends on electrolyzers, which use electrical energy to separate water molecules to launch hydrogen. Most make use of both a proton-exchange membrane (PEM), which makes use of valuable metallic catalysts and polymer membranes to separate the molecules, or alkaline electrolysis, which works with an electrolyte answer.
PEM can shortly ramp up and down in response to variable vitality sources like wind and solar power, nevertheless it requires iridium, which is in limited supply. Alkaline electrolysis is much less capital intensive and extra established at bigger scales, nevertheless it lacks effectivity and its harsh, alkaline answer complicates system design.
That has led teams to show to AEM, which substitutes nickel and metal for PEM’s expensive metals. And whereas it does use an alkaline answer, AEM has higher efficiencies than alkaline electrolysis, at the very least on the lab scale, Motlow says.
Saerbeck, Germany–primarily based Enapter and Austin, Texas–primarily based Agastya supply business megawatt-scale AEM electrolyzers utilized in business for chemical reactions and heating. In China, Shandong-based Hygreen Energy in September 2024 launched a kilowatt-scale AEM electrolyzer for plug-and-play use in industrial parks, neighborhood buildings and transportation. Nevertheless, these demonstrations stay restricted in scale and maturity. AEM expertise has not but been confirmed at business scale for steady industrial hydrogen provide.
Ecolectro’s AEM electrolyzer stack makes use of a PFAS-free, iridium-free membrane platform.Ecolectro
Why Select AEM for Inexperienced Hydrogen?
The partnership between Ecolectro and Re:Construct goals to cut back the excessive prices which have hindered the scale-up of inexperienced hydrogen for industrial use. Along with sourcing cheaper supplies for the electrolyzer elements, Ecolectro is outsourcing the manufacturing to Re:Construct’s vegetation in New York and Pennsylvania. For the membranes, Ecolectro will use a proprietary mix of chemical compounds with a nickel catalyst for higher sturdiness.
Ecolectro is taking it one step at a time, says cofounder and CEO Gabriel Rodríguez-Calero. The corporate’s first commercial-scale items, to be developed this yr at Re:Construct’s design plant in Rochester, N.Y., shall be 250 to 500 kilowatts. Rodríguez-Calero says his staff plans to achieve megawatt scale in 2026.
To deploy past lab scale, powering AEM with renewables faces important engineering hurdles. The excessive efficiencies on the lab scale assume a gentle circulate of electrical energy powered by fossil fuels, however the potential to shortly reply to fluctuations in renewable vitality hasn’t been examined extensively. Membrane sturdiness is one other problem, as a result of supplies should stand up to AEM’s harsh, alkaline circumstances. Fluorinated polymer membranes are an environment friendly possibility, however they pollute water and introduce endlessly chemical compounds.
To resolve the membrane concern, Michelin in Clermont-Ferrand, France, and its analysis companions launched a collaboration they name Alcal’Hylab. Researchers will develop a brand new, extra sturdy membrane utilizing a mixture of chemical compounds alongside a cheap metallic catalyst—the same mannequin to Ecolectro’s. Alcal’Hylab’s purpose is to deploy this membrane in a 25-kW AEM electrolyzer stack by 2027.
“It’s tough to discover a construction of a polymer that’s actually appropriate with these working circumstances for a very long time,” says Jacques Maddaluno, director of chemistry on the French Nationwide Centre for Scientific Analysis, which can host the collaborative lab. “You get superb outcomes at time zero, nevertheless it degrades very, in a short time.”
Can Inexperienced Hydrogen Compete With Renewable Electrical energy?
Regardless of the various analysis teams engaged on the issue, skepticism round inexperienced hydrogen stays. The scientific and financial hurdles to growing it at an industrial scale don’t lend themselves to a worthwhile investment, even for a corporation like Michelin, says Joseph Romm, physicist on the College of Pennsylvania and writer of The Hype About Hydrogen: False Guarantees and Actual Options within the Race to Save the Local weather (Island Press, 2025). “The truth that they’re making offers with analysis organizations tells you ways far they should go,” he says.
True, inexperienced hydrogen has but to dwell as much as its hype, says Rodríguez-Calero of Ecolectro. “I feel the tempo of adoption of a few of this new hydrogen market has been slower than what lots of people hoped,” he says. He sees Ecolectro as a significant step towards competing with fossil-fuel-derived hydrogen for industrial customers that want to supply it on web site.
However to transcend these sorts of point-to-point replacements, inexperienced hydrogen nonetheless struggles to compete with renewable electrical energy. The business additionally lacks the infrastructure to move hydrogen lengthy distances. Says Romm: “The most important downside for AEM is that hydrogen doesn’t simply have one downside.”
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